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Franktown, Douglas County, Colorado CaveNearest cityNRHP reference #CSRHP #5DA.272Added to NRHP2006Franktown Cave is located 25 miles south of, on the north edge of the Palmer Divide. It is the largest rock shelter documented on the, which contains artifacts from many prehistoric cultures. Prehistoric occupied Franktown Cave intermittently for 8000 years beginning about 6400 B.C. The site held remarkable lithic and ceramic artifacts, but it is better known for its perishable artifacts, including animal hides, wood, fiber and corn.
Material goods were produced for their comfort, task-simplification and religious celebration. There is evidence of the site being a campsite or dwelling as recent as AD 1725. Contents.Geography Franktown Cave is a 198 feet (60 m) above Willow Creek, a tributary of that flows into the at, 25 miles to the north. It is more than 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in.: 6Situated on, which separates the basin from the basin, Franktown Cave is its largest documented rock shelter in the area.: 6–8 Palmer Divide is an east-west ridge in central Colorado that runs to the between Denver and and east to., is the highest point of the divide at about 7,500 feet (2,300 m).
South Platte River watershed. Cherry Creek flows off of the Palmer Divide northwest to the South Platte River in Denver.The cave was created when water eroded the soft, water layers of Dawson formation through below a thick, hard shelf of Castle Rock. The area provides two key raw materials that were used for tool-making:. rock in white, light yellow and caramel that was formed from during the period. And small were made from rock.
from the age for flake tools.: 6–8Near the rock shelter, spring-fed streams traverse a land of, plains and open.: 7 Physical Characteristics Franktown Cave is the largest rockshelter documented in the Palmer Divide. The overhang is about 131 feet (40 meters) wide, and measures 65.6 feet (20 meters) between the dripline and the rear wall in the northern half of the shelter. This is where most of the excavations were placed and the majority of the artifacts were found. The shelter is naturally divided into a lower and upper shelter.
The upper shelter is on the south side and the lower shelter is on the north side. Very little documented excavation has occurred in the upper shelter, because it has thin sediment cover over the bedrock and is periodically saturated with water. Very few artifacts have been found in the upper shelter.: 6–8 History Prehistoric cultural periods of eastern Colorado are traditionally identified as: at the earliest, and Protohistoric phases.: 65 Evidence of Franktown Cave habitation began with the early Archaic period about 6,400 BC and continued through each of the remaining cultural periods to AD 1725.: 1–2,4 Archaic periods People of the Archaic period moved seasonally to gather wild plants and hunt game, such as deer, antelope and rabbits. Late in the Archaic period, about AD 200-500, corn was introduced into the diet and pottery was made for storing and carrying food.The early, middle and late Archaic periods are all represented at the Franktown cave. The early period was marked by a nomadic lifestyle in the mountains and foothills, adapted to smaller game and greater reliance on gathering wild plants for food than their ancestors. During this period new stone tools were created to process and prepare plants for meals. Gilmore submits that, the primary source of food for the Paleo-Indian, became due to increasingly warm and arid climate changes of the period a warm period about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago.
To survive people adapted by hunting smaller game and gathering plants, seeds, and nuts.: 9–10,12As of 2005, Franktown Cave is the only well documented rockshelter site to have evidence of middle Archaic occupation on the Palmer Divide. Based upon archaeological evidence, it appears that had longer transitional periods through the Archaic and Ceramic periods than those on the Plains. Franktown Cave residents who were adapted to the mountain culture, were also slow in integrating technology and other advancements.: 10,20 Ceramic periods The Early Ceramic, or Woodland, period began in the Plains about AD 0, distinguished by the introduction of the cordwrapped pottery and the. People also began to live in small settlements.: 10At Franktown, Early Ceramic artifacts include a pottery fragments, a fragment of a coiled basket similar to the earlier periods, and a small corner-notched point - which seems to indicate that the uptake of new technology was slower here than at some other sites during the Early Ceramic period.: 10Artifacts from AD 780-1290, the middle Ceramic period, include small, distinctive side-notched, clothing, charcoal, potsherds, a sinew and twig net, and corn cobs. The sinew and twig net is similar to hoops used for several Native American nations' games. Franktown artifacts from the Archaic period reflect the influence of the southern of the Arkansas basin and the Upper Republican plains people of the South Platte basin in northeastern Colorado and northwestern Kansas.
The pottery has the conical shape of Plains Woodland pottery and the cord-markings and rims of Upper Republican pottery.: 10–13: 215Population size and mobility changed during the Archaic periods. The number of early Ceramic period sites increased, reflecting an increase in population.
By the middle Ceramic phase, there was a marked decrease in the number of sites. People stayed in one place for shorter periods of time and were part of smaller and more mobile groups.: 13 Protohistory The groups of people during this period became much more diverse, were more likely to settle in a location or a couple of locations, cultivate food, domesticate animals, make pottery and baskets, and perform ceremonial rituals. Artifacts from 1540 to 1860, the latest prehistoric period, include corn cobs, arrow points and what appear to be Dismal River Gray ceramic fragments. It is believed that the people of the were Native Americans. While the Middle Ceramic period reflected a significant decrease in population, it appears as if there was an upswing in eastern Colorado population during the Protohistoric period.: 11–13 Archaeology Rock shelter description The rock shelter, sheltered from extreme precipitation and temperature extremes, faced east. It is the largest documented Palmer Divide rock shelter as of 2005, measuring 40 feet (12 m) wide by 20 feet (6.1 m) at its deepest point. At the front edge of the cave, large rocks provided a protecting barrier.
There is a lower level on the southern portion of the cave and another several yards higher on the northern side. The southern portion of the cave was dry which preserved most of the excavated items. The upper level had a water seep and few artifacts were found there.: 6–8 Artifacts More than 4000 artifacts were recovered from Franktown cave in the 1940s and 1950s. They can be divided into four categories. 2180 chipped stone artifacts were excavated.
This includes projectile points and fragments. 234 groundstone artifacts were recovered, and 862 potsherds were recovered as well. Potsherds include cord marked and plain wares. 351 perishable artifacts were excavated. This includes fibers, animal hide, bones, and wood.
791 ecofacts were recovered as well.: 6–8 Ecofacts such as corn and other plant remains, as well as, animal remains, shells and wood. Perishable artifacts and ecofacts are almost completely unknown from sites in the Platte River Basin, and the quantity and variety of the artifacts found is unmatched in the northeastern part of the state.: 6–8Examination of the ceramic vessels show that they were made of patches of clay which were then bonded and strengthened using a paddle and anvil technique. This technique is common on Plains sites. It was also found that some of the materials the pottery was made from were local materials. The analysis of the pottery reflects that there was a more intensive occupation of Franktown Cave at the end of the Early Ceramic and the beginning of the Middle Ceramic.: 177Research into the woven materials indicates technical affinities with peoples to the South and Southwest during the early to middle Archaic transition.
Such woven materials include sandals. It was found that different types of sandals were made for the winter and the summer. A more complex sandal with straps meant to hold grass socks were used in the cooler months, while a lighter sandal was used in the warmer months.: 72Hide used for the production of clothing were found in the faunal remains. There were a high number of bison bone and other large fauna. The presence of rodent bones, snares and rabbit hide robes suggests that small game was also important.: 72 Another perishable artifact found was a moccasin, which was worn from use. AMS dates on the moccasin suggest that it was discarded sometime between AD 980 and 1160.: 70 The lithic technology suggests extensive reliance on the locally available petrified wood, rhyolite, and quartzite.
This pattern of heavy reliance on local raw materials holds to other sites in the Palmer Divide area.Corn may have been significant to people living in Franktown Cave in different ways at different times. People first began using corn at Franktown Cave in the transition from the Early Ceramic to the Middle Ceramic era.: 203 During the Middle Ceramic the climate was wetter and milder, and the human population in the area was higher.Excavations were conducted intermittently since the 1940s focused primarily on the southern, lower level of the cave. 4000 items were found at the site, 2180 of which were chipped stone. Dismal River is an archaeological site in western Kansas and eastern Colorado near the: 11. Trade by the ancient Native American is suggested by the presence of pipe pieces both at the Franktown Cave and Roxborough sites. Catlinite is indigenous to.: 74. The Mount Albion complex was an Early Archaic culture of the Plains from about 4050 to 3050 BC, particularly distinguished by their Mount Albion corner-notched projectile.
Magic Mountain, in the western foothills near Denver, and Mount Albion were both similar or related to the Albion Boarding House phase. The Mount Albion/Magic Mountain-like points found at the Franktown cave were from a period prior to 3350 BC.: 8–10. The National Register of Historic Places site code for Franktown Cave is 5DA272. Information about this site is available at 1) State Historic Preservation Office, 2) Colorado Historical Society and 3) Anthropology Department, University of Denver.: 1–6References. July 9, 2010. ^ Gilmore.
Nelson, Mike; Laubach, Tony. October 27, 2009. Retrieved 10-2-2011. ^ Nelson. Kipfer, 341.
Gunnerson, p. 41. Cassels. Waldman, 14. Gibbon, Ames, p.
Xlvii. ^ King. Gibbon, Ames, pp.
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Xlvii, 11, 488.Bibliography. Cassells, E. (1997) 1983 The Archaeology of Colorado. Boulder: Johnson Press. Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. 1998. Gilmore, Kevin P.
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University of Denver. Retrieved 9-27-2011.
Griffin-Pierce, Trudy. New York:Columbia University Press. Gunnerson, James H. Denver: United States Forest Service. King, Anthony (2006). Substance Dynamics and Stone Tools at Franktown Cave, Colorado. Unpublished Thesis.
Note: An unpublished Thesis is not generally considered a reliable source. Kipfer, Barbara Ann. New York:Plenum Publisher.
Nelson, Sarah M. Denver: An Archaeological History. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. P. 74. Waldman, Carl.
(2009) 1985. Atlas of the North American. New York:Facts on File.
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